ABSTRACT
@#Whooping cough(pertussis)is a highly contagious respiratory disease,which mainly affects infants and young children.Vaccination is an effective measure to prevent pertussis infection.Due to the fewer side effects,acellular pertussis vaccines(aPVs)have replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccine(wPVs)in many countries.Despite vaccination coverage is high,the short immunity induced by aPVs is considered to be significant reason for the re-emergence of pertussis.For improving pertussis vaccine,genetically detoxified vaccine and live attenuated vaccine have showed obvious clinical results and other strategies including using novel adjuvants in aPVs,increasing antigen or packaging aPVs with nanoparticles also have good prospects.This paper reviews the antigen composition and protective effects of aPVs,vaccination programs in different countries,potential candidate components of pertussis vaccine and new strategies for prevention of pertussis.
ABSTRACT
@#Whooping cough(pertussis)is a highly contagious respiratory disease,which mainly affects infants and young children.Vaccination is an effective measure to prevent pertussis infection.Due to the fewer side effects,acellular pertussis vaccines(aPVs)have replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccine(wPVs)in many countries.Despite vaccination coverage is high,the short immunity induced by aPVs is considered to be significant reason for the re-emergence of pertussis.For improving pertussis vaccine,genetically detoxified vaccine and live attenuated vaccine have showed obvious clinical results and other strategies including using novel adjuvants in aPVs,increasing antigen or packaging aPVs with nanoparticles also have good prospects.This paper reviews the antigen composition and protective effects of aPVs,vaccination programs in different countries,potential candidate components of pertussis vaccine and new strategies for prevention of pertussis.
ABSTRACT
Fluorescence intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is a potential alternative for identifying anatomical variation and preventing iatrogenic bile duct injuries by using the near-infrared probe indocyanine green (ICG).However,the dynamic process and mechanism of fluorescenceIOC have not been elucidated in previous publications.Herein,the optical properties of the complex of ICG and bile,dynamic fluorescence cholangiography and iatrogenic bile duct injuries were investigated.The emission spectrum of ICG in bile peaked at 844 nm and ICG had higher tissue penetration.Extrahepatic bile ducts could fluoresce 2 min after intravenous injection,and the fluorescence intensity reached a peak at 8 min.Inaddition,biliary dynamics were observed owing to ICG excretion from the bile ducts into the duodenum.Quantitative analysis indicated that ICG-guided fluorescence IOC possessed a high signal to noise ratio compared to the surrounding peripheral tissue and the portal vein.Fluorescence IOC was based on rapid uptake of circulating ICG in plasma by hepatic cells,excretion of ICG into the bile and then its interaction with protein molecules in the bile.Moreover,fluorescence IOC was sensitive to detect bile duct ligation and acute bile duct perforation using ICG in rat models.All of the results indicated that fluorescence IOC using ICG is a valid alternative for the cholangiography of extrahepatic bile ducts and has potential for measurement of biliary dynamics.
ABSTRACT
Bamboo is a radial gradient variation composite material against parasitology and vector biology, but the vascular bundles in inner layer are evenly distributed
The objective is to determine the regular size pattern and Weibull statistical analysis of the vascular bundle tensile strength in inner layer of Moso bamboo
The size and shape of vascular bundles in inner layer are similar, with an average area about 0.1550 mm[2]
A statistical evaluation of the tensile strength of vascular bundle was conducted by means of Weibull statistics, the results show that the Weibull modulus m is 6.1121 and the accurate reliability assessment of vascular bundle is determined